Sis

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Sis

Sis steht für: früherer Name der Stadt Kozan, siehe Kozan (Adana) · Michael Sis (* ), US-amerikanischer Bischof. SIS steht als Abkürzung für. Die SIS II Verordnung gewährt Personen das Recht auf Auskunft sowie das Recht sachlich unrichtige Daten berichtigen oder unrechtmäßig gespeicherte Daten. Die Strukturierte Informationssammlung (SIS) ist das erste Element des Strukturmodells und ein neues Konzept zum Einstieg in einen.

Sis Interner Bereich

Die Strukturierte Informationssammlung (SIS) ist das erste Element des Strukturmodells und ein neues Konzept zum Einstieg in einen. Sis steht für: früherer Name der Stadt Kozan, siehe Kozan (Adana) · Michael Sis (* ), US-amerikanischer Bischof. SIS steht als Abkürzung für. Das Schengener Informationssystem (SIS) ist ein Informationssystem für die Sicherheitsbehörden der Schengen-Länder. Es dient der automatisierten Personen-. Am nahm das Schengener Informationssystem der zweiten Generation (SIS II) seinen Wirkbetrieb auf, basierend auf den Rechtsgrundlagen des EU. Followers, Following, Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Sis (@motorcycle-gloves.eun). von mehr als Ergebnissen oder Vorschlägen für Bücher: "SIS". Über SIS können Sie sich einen Ausdruck aller Ihrer bisher erbrachten Studienleistungen ausdrucken, bzw. anzeigen lassen. Sie können zwischen zwei Arten.

Sis

Das Studierendeninformationssystem (SIS) ist ein Online-Service für Studierende der Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg. Das Schengener Informationssystem (SIS) ist ein Informationssystem für die Sicherheitsbehörden der Schengen-Länder. Es dient der automatisierten Personen-. Sis – Starke Mädchen, starker Glaube! Sis ist ein Herzensprojekt der LYDIA-​Redaktion. Das liebevoll gestaltete Magazin begleitet Mädchen durch den. Sis Sis

He typically signed correspondence with his initial C in green ink. This usage evolved as a code name , and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity.

The service's performance during the First World War was mixed, because it was unable to establish a network in Germany itself.

Most of its results came from military and commercial intelligence collected through networks in neutral countries, occupied territories, and Russia.

After the war, resources were significantly reduced but during the s, SIS established a close operational relationship with the diplomatic service.

In August , Cumming created the new passport control department, providing diplomatic cover for agents abroad. The post of Passport Control Officer provided operatives with diplomatic immunity.

Circulating Sections established intelligence requirements and passed the intelligence back to its consumer departments, mainly the War Office and Admiralty.

The debate over the future structure of British Intelligence continued at length after the end of hostilities but Cumming managed to engineer the return of the Service to Foreign Office control.

Around , it began increasingly to be referred to as the Secret Intelligence Service SIS , a title that it has continued to use to the present day and which was enshrined in statute in the Intelligence Services Act During the Second World War, the name MI6 was used as a flag of convenience, the name by which it is frequently known in popular culture since.

Smith-Cumming died suddenly at his home on 14 June , shortly before he was due to retire, and was replaced as C by Admiral Sir Hugh "Quex" Sinclair.

Sinclair created the following sections:. With the emergence of Germany as a threat following the ascendence of the Nazis , in the early s attention was shifted in that direction.

MI6 assisted the Gestapo , the Nazi secret police, with "the exchange of information about communism" as late as October , well into the Nazi era; the head of the British agency's Berlin station, Frank Foley , was still able to describe his relationship with the Gestapo's so-called communism expert as "cordial".

Sinclair died in , after an illness, and was replaced as C by Lt Col. On 26 and 27 July , [26] in Pyry near Warsaw , British military intelligence representatives including Dilly Knox , Alastair Denniston and Humphrey Sandwith were introduced by their allied Polish counterparts into their Enigma-decryption techniques and equipment, including Zygalski sheets and the cryptologic " Bomba ", and were promised future delivery of a reverse-engineered, Polish-built duplicate Enigma machine.

The demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort. The intelligence gleaned from this source, codenamed " Ultra " by the British, was a substantial aid to the Allied war effort.

During the Second World War the human intelligence work of the service was complemented by several other initiatives:. The chief of SIS, Stewart Menzies , insisted on wartime control of codebreaking, and this gave him immense power and influence, which he used judiciously.

Extensive breaches of Nazi Enigma signals gave Menzies and his team enormous insight into Adolf Hitler 's strategy, and this was kept a closely held secret.

The British intelligence services signed a special agreement with their allied Polish counterparts In July , the British and Polish governments jointly produced a two-volume study of bilateral intelligence cooperation in the War, which revealed information that had until then been officially secret.

The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee was written by leading historians and experts who had been granted unprecedented access to British intelligence archives, and concluded that 48 percent of all reports received by British secret services from continental Europe in —45 had come from Polish sources.

A major part of Polish resistance activity was clandestine and involved cellular intelligence networks; while Nazi Germany used Poles as forced labourers across the continent, putting them in a unique position to spy on the enemy.

Liaison was undertaken by SIS officer Wilfred Dunderdale , and reports included advanced warning of the Afrikakorps ' departure for Libya, awareness of the readiness of Vichy French units to fight against the Allies or switch sides in Operation Torch , and advance warning both of Operation Barbarossa and Operation Edelweiss , the German Caucasus campaign.

Polish-sourced reporting on German secret weapons began in , and Operation Wildhorn enabled a British special operations flight to airlift a V-2 Rocket that had been captured by the Polish resistance.

Agents of the German army secret service, the Abwehr , and the counter-espionage section of the Sicherheitsdienst SD , posed as high-ranking officers involved in a plot to depose Hitler.

On the night of 8—9 November, a meeting took place without police presence. Despite these difficulties the service nevertheless conducted substantial and successful operations in both occupied Europe and in the Middle East and Far East where it operated under the cover name Inter-Services Liaison Department ISLD.

In August Soviet intelligence officer Konstantin Volkov tried to defect to the UK, offering the names of all Soviet agents working inside British intelligence.

Philby received the memo on Volkov's offer and alerted the Soviets, so they could arrest him. SIS suffered further embarrassment when it turned out that an officer involved in both the Vienna and Berlin tunnel operations had been turned as a Soviet agent during internment by the Chinese during the Korean War.

This agent, George Blake , returned from his internment to be treated as something of a hero by his contemporaries in "the office". His security authorisation was restored, and in he was posted to the Vienna Station where the original Vienna tunnels had been running for years.

After compromising these to his Soviet controllers, he was subsequently assigned to the British team involved on Operation Gold , the Berlin tunnel, and which was, consequently, blown from the outset.

Despite earlier Soviet penetration, SIS began to recover as a result of improved vetting and security, and a series of successful penetrations.

Blake was identified, arrested, tried for espionage and sent to prison. He escaped and was exfiltrated to the USSR in An annual mission of two SIS officers as well as military instructors were sent to Massoud and his fighters.

Through them weapons and supplies, radios and vital intelligence on Soviet battle plans were all sent to the Afghan resistance.

SIS also helped to retrieve crashed Soviet helicopters from Afghanistan. The real scale and impact of SIS activities during the second half of the Cold War remains unknown, however, because the bulk of their most successful targeting operations against Soviet officials were the result of "Third Country" operations recruiting Soviet sources travelling abroad in Asia and Africa.

The end of the Cold War led to a reshuffle of existing priorities. The Soviet Bloc ceased to swallow the lion's share of operational priorities, although the stability and intentions of a weakened but still nuclear-capable Federal Russia constituted a significant concern.

Instead, functional rather than geographical intelligence requirements came to the fore such as counter-proliferation via the agency's Production and Targeting, Counter-Proliferation Section which had been a sphere of activity since the discovery of Pakistani physics students studying nuclear-weapons related subjects in ; counter-terrorism via two joint sections run in collaboration with the Security Service, one for Irish republicanism and one for international terrorism ; counter-narcotics and serious crime originally set up under the Western Hemisphere controllerate in ; and a 'global issues' section looking at matters such as the environment and other public welfare issues.

In the mids these were consolidated into a new post of Controller, Global and Functional. During the transition, then-C Sir Colin McColl embraced a new, albeit limited, policy of openness towards the press and public, with 'public affairs' falling into the brief of Director, Counter-Intelligence and Security renamed Director, Security and Public Affairs.

McColl's policies were part and parcel with a wider 'open government initiative' developed from by the government of John Major.

Although the Act provided procedures for authorisations and warrants, this essentially enshrined mechanisms that had been in place at least since for authorisations and under the Interception of Communications Act , for warrants.

During the mids the British intelligence community was subjected to a comprehensive costing review by the government. As part of broader defence cut-backs SIS had its resources cut back twenty-five percent across the board and senior management was reduced by forty percent.

As a consequence of these cuts, the Requirements division formerly the Circulating Sections of the Arrangement were deprived of any representation on the board of directors.

At the same time, the Middle East and Africa controllerates were pared back and amalgamated. According to the findings of Lord Butler of Brockwell's Review of Weapons of Mass Destruction , the reduction of operational capabilities in the Middle East and of the Requirements division's ability to challenge the quality of the information the Middle East Controllerate was providing weakened the Joint Intelligence Committee 's estimates of Iraq 's non-conventional weapons programmes.

These weaknesses were major contributors to the UK's erroneous assessments of Iraq's 'weapons of mass destruction' prior to the invasion of that country.

But given that this might result in his being transferred or rendered to the United States, MI6 decided it had to ask for ministerial approval before passing the intelligence on in case he faced the death penalty or mistreatment.

This was approved by a minister 'provided the CIA gave assurances regarding humane treatment'. In the end, not enough intelligence came through to make it worthwhile going ahead.

In , it became clear that working with Ahmad Shah Massoud and his forces was the best option for going after Bin Laden; the priority for MI6 was developing intelligence coverage.

The first real sources were being established, although no one penetrated the upper tier of the Al Qaeda leadership itself. As the year progressed, plans were drawn up and slowly worked their way up to the White House on 4 September which involved increasing dramatically support for Massoud.

MI6 were involved in these plans. Craig Murray , a UK ambassador to Uzbekistan , had written several memos critical of the UK's acceptance of this information; he was then sacked from his job.

Following the September 11 attacks , on 28 September the British Foreign Secretary approved the deployment of MI6 officers to Afghanistan and the wider region, utilising people involved with the mujahadeen in the s and who had language skills and regional expertise.

In mid-December, MI6 officers who had been deployed to the region began to interview prisoners held by the Northern Alliance.

In January , they began interviewing prisoners held by the Americans. On 10 January , an MI6 officer conducted his first interview of a detainee held by the Americans.

He reported back to London that there were aspects of how the detainee had been handled by the US military before the interview that did not seem consistent with the Geneva Conventions.

Two days after the interview, he was sent instructions, copied to all MI5 and MI6 officers in Afghanistan, about how to solve concerns over mistreatment, referring to signs of abuse: "Given that they are not within our custody or control, the law does not require you to intervene to protect this.

In the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in , it is alleged, although not confirmed, that some SIS members conducted Operation Mass Appeal which was a campaign to plant stories about Iraq's WMDs in the media.

The operation was exposed in The Sunday Times in December Ritter says that SIS recruited him in to help with the propaganda effort, saying "the aim was to convince the public that Iraq was a far greater threat than it actually was.

After it became clear that Iraq did not possess any WMDs, MI6 officially withdrew pre-invasion intelligence about them. In the months after the invasion, they also began gathering political intelligence; predicting what would happen in post-Baathist Iraq.

Afterwards they raised concerns about the poor detention conditions there. MI6 provided information that enabled the detachment to carry out surveillance operations.

MI6 were also involved in resolving the Basra prison incident ; the SIS played a central role in the British withdrawal from Basra in In Afghanistan, MI6 worked closely with the military, delivering tactical information and working in small cells alongside Special Forces, surveillance teams, and GCHQ to track individuals from the Taliban and Al Qaeda.

The first MI6 knew of the US carrying out the mission that killed Osama Bin Laden on 2 May was after it happened, when its chief called his American counterpart for an explanation.

The closures have allowed the service to focus its attention on Pakistan and Afghanistan, which are its principal stations.

MI6's uptick in funding was not as large as that for MI5, but it still struggled to recruit fast enough; former members were rehired to help out.

MI6 maintained intelligence coverage of suspects as they moved from the UK overseas, particularity to Pakistan. In October , SIS appealed for reinforcements and extra staff from other intelligence agencies amid growing concern about a terrorist threat from Afghanistan and that the country would become an "intelligence vacuum" after British troops withdraw at the end of Sources said SAS soldiers have been told that the mission could be the most important in the regiment's year history.

Scarlett was an unusually high-profile appointment to the job, and gave evidence at the Hutton Inquiry. On 27 September , it was reported that British spies across the Balkans, including a SIS was chief officer in Belgrade and another spy in Sarajevo , were moved or forced to withdraw after they were publicly identified in a number of media reports planted by disgruntled local intelligence services — particularly in Croatia and Serbia.

A third individual was branded a British spy in the Balkans and left the office of the High Representative in Bosnia, whilst a further two British intelligence officers working in Zagreb , remained in place despite their cover being blown in the local press.

The exposure of the agents across the three capitals has markedly undermined the British intelligence operations in the area, including SIS efforts to capture The Hague's most wanted men, which riled many local intelligence agencies in the Balkans, some of which are suspected of continuing ties to alleged war criminals.

They were riled due to MI6 operating "not so much a spy network as a network of influence within Balkan security services and the media," said the director of the International Crisis Group in Serbia and Bosnia, which caused some of them to be "upset".

In Serbia, the SIS station chief was forced to leave his post in August after a campaign against him led by country's DB intelligence agency, where his work investigating the assassination of the reformist prime minister Zoran Djindjic won him few friends.

On 15 November , SIS allowed an interview with current operations officers for the first time. The two officers one male and one female had their voices disguised for security reasons.

The officers compared their real experience with the fictional portrayal of SIS in the James Bond films. While denying that there ever existed a " licence to kill " and reiterating that SIS operated under British law, the officers confirmed that there is a ' Q '-like figure who is head of the technology department, and that their director is referred to as 'C'.

The officers described the lifestyle as quite glamorous and very varied, with plenty of overseas travel and adventure, and described their role primarily as intelligence gatherers, developing relationships with potential sources.

The Squadron carried out missions that required 'maximum discretion' in places that were 'off the radar or considered dangerous'; the Squadron's members often operated in plain clothes, with the full range of national support, such as false identities at its disposal.

Despite technical backup, the team landed in Libya without any prior agreement with the rebel leadership, and the plan failed as soon as the team landed.

The locals became suspicious they were foreign mercenaries or spies and the team was detained by rebel forces and taken to a military base in Benghazi.

They were then hauled before a senior rebel leader; the team told him that they were in the country to determine the rebels' needs and to offer assistance, but the discovery of British troops on the ground enraged the rebels who were fearful that Gaddafi would use such evidence to destroy the credibility of the NTC.

Negotiations between senior rebel leaders and British officials in London finally led to their release and they were allowed to board HMS Cumberland.

On 16 November SIS warned the national transitional council in Benghazi after discovering details of planned strikes, said foreign secretary William Hague.

In a rare speech on the intelligence agencies, he praised the key role played by SIS and GCHQ in bringing Gaddafi's year dictatorship to an end, describing them as 'vital assets' with a 'fundamental and indispensable role' in keeping the nation safe.

The speech follows criticism that SIS had been too close to the Libyan regime and was involved in the extraordinary rendition of anti-Gaddafi activists.

Mr Hague also defended controversial proposals for secrecy in civil courts in cases involving intelligence material.

The files looked at contained "a memorandum of understanding, dating from October , detailing a two-day meeting in Libya between Gaddafi's external intelligence agency and two senior heads of SIS and one from MI5 outlining joint plans for "intelligence exchange, counter-terrorism and mutual co-operation".

In February , The Daily Telegraph reported that MI6 contacted their counterparts in the South African intelligence services to seek assistance in an effort to recruit a North Korean "asset" to spy on North Korea's nuclear programme.

MI6 had contacted the man who had inside information on North Korea's nuclear programme, he considered the offer and wanted to arrange another meeting, but a year passed without MI6 hearing from him, which prompted them to request South African assistance when they learnt he would be travelling through South Africa.

It is not known whether the North Korean man ever agreed to work for MI6. In July , it was revealed that intelligence officials from a number of repressive regimes received training from senior officials of MI6 and MI5 in last two days.

The year was the centenary of the Secret Intelligence Service. To further mark the centenary, the Secret Intelligence Service invited artist James Hart Dyke to become artist in residence.

A year with MI6 was a public art exhibition, featuring a collection of paintings and drawings by artist Hart Dyke to mark the centenary of the British Secret Intelligence Service.

The sensitivity of the work of the Secret Intelligence Service required Hart Dyke to observe the need for secrecy and his access to Secret Intelligence Service was carefully controlled.

The subsequent public exhibition displayed the resulting works and the exhibition was part of the Secret Intelligence Service's effort to increase public understanding of the work of the Secret Intelligence Service and why their operations must remain secret.

None of the material in the exhibition revealed any sensitive information about the Secret Intelligence Service or its work.

All artworks produced by Hart Dyke went through a series of security screens, and the content and meaning of some of the paintings was intentionally left ambiguous.

Ermin's Hotel. At the same time, MI5 was seeking alternative accommodation and co-location of the two services was studied. If provided, these can be used for verification and alert information.

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He Opened a Subway Restaurant in Our House!!!

He typically signed correspondence with his initial C in green ink. This usage evolved as a code name , and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity.

The service's performance during the First World War was mixed, because it was unable to establish a network in Germany itself. Most of its results came from military and commercial intelligence collected through networks in neutral countries, occupied territories, and Russia.

After the war, resources were significantly reduced but during the s, SIS established a close operational relationship with the diplomatic service.

In August , Cumming created the new passport control department, providing diplomatic cover for agents abroad. The post of Passport Control Officer provided operatives with diplomatic immunity.

Circulating Sections established intelligence requirements and passed the intelligence back to its consumer departments, mainly the War Office and Admiralty.

The debate over the future structure of British Intelligence continued at length after the end of hostilities but Cumming managed to engineer the return of the Service to Foreign Office control.

Around , it began increasingly to be referred to as the Secret Intelligence Service SIS , a title that it has continued to use to the present day and which was enshrined in statute in the Intelligence Services Act During the Second World War, the name MI6 was used as a flag of convenience, the name by which it is frequently known in popular culture since.

Smith-Cumming died suddenly at his home on 14 June , shortly before he was due to retire, and was replaced as C by Admiral Sir Hugh "Quex" Sinclair.

Sinclair created the following sections:. With the emergence of Germany as a threat following the ascendence of the Nazis , in the early s attention was shifted in that direction.

MI6 assisted the Gestapo , the Nazi secret police, with "the exchange of information about communism" as late as October , well into the Nazi era; the head of the British agency's Berlin station, Frank Foley , was still able to describe his relationship with the Gestapo's so-called communism expert as "cordial".

Sinclair died in , after an illness, and was replaced as C by Lt Col. On 26 and 27 July , [26] in Pyry near Warsaw , British military intelligence representatives including Dilly Knox , Alastair Denniston and Humphrey Sandwith were introduced by their allied Polish counterparts into their Enigma-decryption techniques and equipment, including Zygalski sheets and the cryptologic " Bomba ", and were promised future delivery of a reverse-engineered, Polish-built duplicate Enigma machine.

The demonstration represented a vital basis for the later British continuation and effort. The intelligence gleaned from this source, codenamed " Ultra " by the British, was a substantial aid to the Allied war effort.

During the Second World War the human intelligence work of the service was complemented by several other initiatives:. The chief of SIS, Stewart Menzies , insisted on wartime control of codebreaking, and this gave him immense power and influence, which he used judiciously.

Extensive breaches of Nazi Enigma signals gave Menzies and his team enormous insight into Adolf Hitler 's strategy, and this was kept a closely held secret.

The British intelligence services signed a special agreement with their allied Polish counterparts In July , the British and Polish governments jointly produced a two-volume study of bilateral intelligence cooperation in the War, which revealed information that had until then been officially secret.

The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee was written by leading historians and experts who had been granted unprecedented access to British intelligence archives, and concluded that 48 percent of all reports received by British secret services from continental Europe in —45 had come from Polish sources.

A major part of Polish resistance activity was clandestine and involved cellular intelligence networks; while Nazi Germany used Poles as forced labourers across the continent, putting them in a unique position to spy on the enemy.

Liaison was undertaken by SIS officer Wilfred Dunderdale , and reports included advanced warning of the Afrikakorps ' departure for Libya, awareness of the readiness of Vichy French units to fight against the Allies or switch sides in Operation Torch , and advance warning both of Operation Barbarossa and Operation Edelweiss , the German Caucasus campaign.

Polish-sourced reporting on German secret weapons began in , and Operation Wildhorn enabled a British special operations flight to airlift a V-2 Rocket that had been captured by the Polish resistance.

Agents of the German army secret service, the Abwehr , and the counter-espionage section of the Sicherheitsdienst SD , posed as high-ranking officers involved in a plot to depose Hitler.

On the night of 8—9 November, a meeting took place without police presence. Despite these difficulties the service nevertheless conducted substantial and successful operations in both occupied Europe and in the Middle East and Far East where it operated under the cover name Inter-Services Liaison Department ISLD.

In August Soviet intelligence officer Konstantin Volkov tried to defect to the UK, offering the names of all Soviet agents working inside British intelligence.

Philby received the memo on Volkov's offer and alerted the Soviets, so they could arrest him. SIS suffered further embarrassment when it turned out that an officer involved in both the Vienna and Berlin tunnel operations had been turned as a Soviet agent during internment by the Chinese during the Korean War.

This agent, George Blake , returned from his internment to be treated as something of a hero by his contemporaries in "the office".

His security authorisation was restored, and in he was posted to the Vienna Station where the original Vienna tunnels had been running for years.

After compromising these to his Soviet controllers, he was subsequently assigned to the British team involved on Operation Gold , the Berlin tunnel, and which was, consequently, blown from the outset.

Despite earlier Soviet penetration, SIS began to recover as a result of improved vetting and security, and a series of successful penetrations.

Blake was identified, arrested, tried for espionage and sent to prison. He escaped and was exfiltrated to the USSR in An annual mission of two SIS officers as well as military instructors were sent to Massoud and his fighters.

Through them weapons and supplies, radios and vital intelligence on Soviet battle plans were all sent to the Afghan resistance.

SIS also helped to retrieve crashed Soviet helicopters from Afghanistan. The real scale and impact of SIS activities during the second half of the Cold War remains unknown, however, because the bulk of their most successful targeting operations against Soviet officials were the result of "Third Country" operations recruiting Soviet sources travelling abroad in Asia and Africa.

The end of the Cold War led to a reshuffle of existing priorities. The Soviet Bloc ceased to swallow the lion's share of operational priorities, although the stability and intentions of a weakened but still nuclear-capable Federal Russia constituted a significant concern.

Instead, functional rather than geographical intelligence requirements came to the fore such as counter-proliferation via the agency's Production and Targeting, Counter-Proliferation Section which had been a sphere of activity since the discovery of Pakistani physics students studying nuclear-weapons related subjects in ; counter-terrorism via two joint sections run in collaboration with the Security Service, one for Irish republicanism and one for international terrorism ; counter-narcotics and serious crime originally set up under the Western Hemisphere controllerate in ; and a 'global issues' section looking at matters such as the environment and other public welfare issues.

In the mids these were consolidated into a new post of Controller, Global and Functional. During the transition, then-C Sir Colin McColl embraced a new, albeit limited, policy of openness towards the press and public, with 'public affairs' falling into the brief of Director, Counter-Intelligence and Security renamed Director, Security and Public Affairs.

McColl's policies were part and parcel with a wider 'open government initiative' developed from by the government of John Major. Although the Act provided procedures for authorisations and warrants, this essentially enshrined mechanisms that had been in place at least since for authorisations and under the Interception of Communications Act , for warrants.

During the mids the British intelligence community was subjected to a comprehensive costing review by the government.

As part of broader defence cut-backs SIS had its resources cut back twenty-five percent across the board and senior management was reduced by forty percent.

As a consequence of these cuts, the Requirements division formerly the Circulating Sections of the Arrangement were deprived of any representation on the board of directors.

At the same time, the Middle East and Africa controllerates were pared back and amalgamated. According to the findings of Lord Butler of Brockwell's Review of Weapons of Mass Destruction , the reduction of operational capabilities in the Middle East and of the Requirements division's ability to challenge the quality of the information the Middle East Controllerate was providing weakened the Joint Intelligence Committee 's estimates of Iraq 's non-conventional weapons programmes.

These weaknesses were major contributors to the UK's erroneous assessments of Iraq's 'weapons of mass destruction' prior to the invasion of that country.

But given that this might result in his being transferred or rendered to the United States, MI6 decided it had to ask for ministerial approval before passing the intelligence on in case he faced the death penalty or mistreatment.

This was approved by a minister 'provided the CIA gave assurances regarding humane treatment'. In the end, not enough intelligence came through to make it worthwhile going ahead.

In , it became clear that working with Ahmad Shah Massoud and his forces was the best option for going after Bin Laden; the priority for MI6 was developing intelligence coverage.

The first real sources were being established, although no one penetrated the upper tier of the Al Qaeda leadership itself. As the year progressed, plans were drawn up and slowly worked their way up to the White House on 4 September which involved increasing dramatically support for Massoud.

MI6 were involved in these plans. Craig Murray , a UK ambassador to Uzbekistan , had written several memos critical of the UK's acceptance of this information; he was then sacked from his job.

Following the September 11 attacks , on 28 September the British Foreign Secretary approved the deployment of MI6 officers to Afghanistan and the wider region, utilising people involved with the mujahadeen in the s and who had language skills and regional expertise.

In mid-December, MI6 officers who had been deployed to the region began to interview prisoners held by the Northern Alliance.

In January , they began interviewing prisoners held by the Americans. On 10 January , an MI6 officer conducted his first interview of a detainee held by the Americans.

He reported back to London that there were aspects of how the detainee had been handled by the US military before the interview that did not seem consistent with the Geneva Conventions.

Two days after the interview, he was sent instructions, copied to all MI5 and MI6 officers in Afghanistan, about how to solve concerns over mistreatment, referring to signs of abuse: "Given that they are not within our custody or control, the law does not require you to intervene to protect this.

In the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in , it is alleged, although not confirmed, that some SIS members conducted Operation Mass Appeal which was a campaign to plant stories about Iraq's WMDs in the media.

The operation was exposed in The Sunday Times in December Ritter says that SIS recruited him in to help with the propaganda effort, saying "the aim was to convince the public that Iraq was a far greater threat than it actually was.

After it became clear that Iraq did not possess any WMDs, MI6 officially withdrew pre-invasion intelligence about them. In the months after the invasion, they also began gathering political intelligence; predicting what would happen in post-Baathist Iraq.

Afterwards they raised concerns about the poor detention conditions there. MI6 provided information that enabled the detachment to carry out surveillance operations.

MI6 were also involved in resolving the Basra prison incident ; the SIS played a central role in the British withdrawal from Basra in In Afghanistan, MI6 worked closely with the military, delivering tactical information and working in small cells alongside Special Forces, surveillance teams, and GCHQ to track individuals from the Taliban and Al Qaeda.

The first MI6 knew of the US carrying out the mission that killed Osama Bin Laden on 2 May was after it happened, when its chief called his American counterpart for an explanation.

The closures have allowed the service to focus its attention on Pakistan and Afghanistan, which are its principal stations. MI6's uptick in funding was not as large as that for MI5, but it still struggled to recruit fast enough; former members were rehired to help out.

MI6 maintained intelligence coverage of suspects as they moved from the UK overseas, particularity to Pakistan. In October , SIS appealed for reinforcements and extra staff from other intelligence agencies amid growing concern about a terrorist threat from Afghanistan and that the country would become an "intelligence vacuum" after British troops withdraw at the end of Sources said SAS soldiers have been told that the mission could be the most important in the regiment's year history.

Scarlett was an unusually high-profile appointment to the job, and gave evidence at the Hutton Inquiry. On 27 September , it was reported that British spies across the Balkans, including a SIS was chief officer in Belgrade and another spy in Sarajevo , were moved or forced to withdraw after they were publicly identified in a number of media reports planted by disgruntled local intelligence services — particularly in Croatia and Serbia.

A third individual was branded a British spy in the Balkans and left the office of the High Representative in Bosnia, whilst a further two British intelligence officers working in Zagreb , remained in place despite their cover being blown in the local press.

The exposure of the agents across the three capitals has markedly undermined the British intelligence operations in the area, including SIS efforts to capture The Hague's most wanted men, which riled many local intelligence agencies in the Balkans, some of which are suspected of continuing ties to alleged war criminals.

They were riled due to MI6 operating "not so much a spy network as a network of influence within Balkan security services and the media," said the director of the International Crisis Group in Serbia and Bosnia, which caused some of them to be "upset".

In Serbia, the SIS station chief was forced to leave his post in August after a campaign against him led by country's DB intelligence agency, where his work investigating the assassination of the reformist prime minister Zoran Djindjic won him few friends.

On 15 November , SIS allowed an interview with current operations officers for the first time. The two officers one male and one female had their voices disguised for security reasons.

The officers compared their real experience with the fictional portrayal of SIS in the James Bond films. While denying that there ever existed a " licence to kill " and reiterating that SIS operated under British law, the officers confirmed that there is a ' Q '-like figure who is head of the technology department, and that their director is referred to as 'C'.

The officers described the lifestyle as quite glamorous and very varied, with plenty of overseas travel and adventure, and described their role primarily as intelligence gatherers, developing relationships with potential sources.

The Squadron carried out missions that required 'maximum discretion' in places that were 'off the radar or considered dangerous'; the Squadron's members often operated in plain clothes, with the full range of national support, such as false identities at its disposal.

Despite technical backup, the team landed in Libya without any prior agreement with the rebel leadership, and the plan failed as soon as the team landed.

The locals became suspicious they were foreign mercenaries or spies and the team was detained by rebel forces and taken to a military base in Benghazi.

They were then hauled before a senior rebel leader; the team told him that they were in the country to determine the rebels' needs and to offer assistance, but the discovery of British troops on the ground enraged the rebels who were fearful that Gaddafi would use such evidence to destroy the credibility of the NTC.

Negotiations between senior rebel leaders and British officials in London finally led to their release and they were allowed to board HMS Cumberland.

On 16 November SIS warned the national transitional council in Benghazi after discovering details of planned strikes, said foreign secretary William Hague.

In a rare speech on the intelligence agencies, he praised the key role played by SIS and GCHQ in bringing Gaddafi's year dictatorship to an end, describing them as 'vital assets' with a 'fundamental and indispensable role' in keeping the nation safe.

The speech follows criticism that SIS had been too close to the Libyan regime and was involved in the extraordinary rendition of anti-Gaddafi activists.

Mr Hague also defended controversial proposals for secrecy in civil courts in cases involving intelligence material.

The files looked at contained "a memorandum of understanding, dating from October , detailing a two-day meeting in Libya between Gaddafi's external intelligence agency and two senior heads of SIS and one from MI5 outlining joint plans for "intelligence exchange, counter-terrorism and mutual co-operation".

In February , The Daily Telegraph reported that MI6 contacted their counterparts in the South African intelligence services to seek assistance in an effort to recruit a North Korean "asset" to spy on North Korea's nuclear programme.

MI6 had contacted the man who had inside information on North Korea's nuclear programme, he considered the offer and wanted to arrange another meeting, but a year passed without MI6 hearing from him, which prompted them to request South African assistance when they learnt he would be travelling through South Africa.

It is not known whether the North Korean man ever agreed to work for MI6. In July , it was revealed that intelligence officials from a number of repressive regimes received training from senior officials of MI6 and MI5 in last two days.

The year was the centenary of the Secret Intelligence Service. To further mark the centenary, the Secret Intelligence Service invited artist James Hart Dyke to become artist in residence.

A year with MI6 was a public art exhibition, featuring a collection of paintings and drawings by artist Hart Dyke to mark the centenary of the British Secret Intelligence Service.

The sensitivity of the work of the Secret Intelligence Service required Hart Dyke to observe the need for secrecy and his access to Secret Intelligence Service was carefully controlled.

The subsequent public exhibition displayed the resulting works and the exhibition was part of the Secret Intelligence Service's effort to increase public understanding of the work of the Secret Intelligence Service and why their operations must remain secret.

None of the material in the exhibition revealed any sensitive information about the Secret Intelligence Service or its work. All artworks produced by Hart Dyke went through a series of security screens, and the content and meaning of some of the paintings was intentionally left ambiguous.

Ermin's Hotel. At the same time, MI5 was seeking alternative accommodation and co-location of the two services was studied.

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